An curved arrow pointing right. Adding relatively minor factors like crystals, water, ice, and metal can drastically affect how lava moves, cools, and creates formations. When lava meets water ...

"Rootless cones form when lava flows over wet or icy ground, causing it to boil and explode," said Dundas. "The region around Athabasca Valles is covered by a huge lava flow field, and seeing rootless ...

While towering giants like Mount Erebus, with its iconic lava lake ... which regulate weather patterns and temperatures worldwide. An increase in volcanic heat and ice melt could disrupt this ...