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A change is called irreversible if it cannot be changed back again. Many chemical reactions are irreversible. In a chemical reaction, new materials are always formed. Sometimes these new materials ...

Benzaldehyde, which is a key ingredient in natural fruit flavours, has been shown to cause irritation of respiratory airways in animal and occupational exposure studies. Given the potential inhalation ...

pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is. The diagram below shows what happens to an enzyme when denaturation occurs. Each enzyme has an optimum pH but it also has a working range ...

Sarah Vine and Andrew Pierce bring their own no-holds-barred opinions, insights and reaction (clue is in the title) to the biggest stories of the week. New episodes every Wednesday, wherever you ...

Pep Guardiola could not believe what he was seeing against Arsenal Sky Sports But City failed to learn their lessons as minutes later, Arsenal had the ball in the net again. More disastrous defending ...