Unlike Rainsford, the French considered Toussaint "a villain... this serpent which France has warmed in her bosom," and representations of him by French artists reflected this perspective.

In 1794 France built upon the "Declaration of the Rights of Man" and officially abolished slavery in its colonies. Toussaint L'Ouverture, the leader of the Saint Domingue rebellion, abandoned his ...

Napoleon Bonaparte sought to reinstate slavery in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), but he faced an unexpected and formidable opponent: Toussaint Louverture. Born a slave, Louverture led ...